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Carbon - Alloy Steel Grades

Carbon Steel

Carbon steel is composed primarily of iron and carbon, with small amounts of other elements. It is the most common type of steel used in manufacturing, offering a balance of strength, ductility, and cost-efficiency. Carbon content typically ranges from 0.05% to 2%, affecting its properties such as hardness, tensile strength, and weldability.

Carbon steels are divided into three categories:

  • Low Carbon Steel (Mild Steel): Contains up to 0.30% carbon, offering high formability and good weldability. Commonly used for structural applications, pipelines, and automotive bodies.
  • Medium Carbon Steel: Contains 0.30% to 0.60% carbon, providing a balance of strength and toughness. Used for machine components, gears, and shafts.
  • High Carbon Steel: Contains 0.60% to 1.0% carbon, offering high strength and hardness but less ductility. Typically used for tools, blades, and springs.

Alloy Steel

Alloy steel contains elements such as chromium, nickel, vanadium, and molybdenum, which are added to improve specific properties like strength, hardness, resistance to wear, and corrosion. These steels are more durable than carbon steel and are often used in critical applications.

Key types of alloy steel include:

  • Chromium Steel: Adds chromium for improved hardness, toughness, and corrosion resistance. Used in manufacturing tools and machinery.
  • Nickel Steel: Nickel enhances toughness and resistance to corrosion, making it ideal for use in high-stress environments like aerospace and automotive industries.
  • Molybdenum Steel: Molybdenum improves high-temperature strength and resistance to corrosion, commonly used in power plants, oil rigs, and heavy machinery.
  • Vanadium Steel: Vanadium increases hardness and toughness, making it suitable for high-performance applications in automotive and aerospace industries.

Alloy steels are further classified into:

  • Low-Alloy Steel: Contains a small percentage of alloying elements (typically 1% to 5%) for enhanced mechanical properties.
  • High-Alloy Steel: Contains a high percentage of alloying elements (over 5%) for specialized applications such as tool steels and high-performance materials.

Advantages of Carbon and Alloy Steel
  • Strength and Durability: Both steel types provide excellent strength and can be tailored to provide specific mechanical properties.
  • Versatility: They can be heat-treated, forged, and machined to suit a wide range of applications.
  • Cost-Effectiveness: Carbon steel is typically more affordable than alloy steel due to fewer alloying elements.
  • Corrosion Resistance (Alloy Steel): Alloying elements like chromium in alloy steels offer improved resistance to corrosion, making them ideal for harsh environments.


EN8 Steel

EN8 is a medium carbon steel widely used in engineering and manufacturing applications. It is known for its good balance of strength, toughness, and wear resistance. EN8 is often used in the production of shafts, gears, bolts, and other mechanical components that require moderate strength and wear resistance.


Chemical Composition

The chemical composition of EN8 steel typically includes the following elements:

  • Carbon (C): 0.30% - 0.45%
  • Manganese (Mn): 0.60% - 0.90%
  • Silicon (Si): 0.10% - 0.35%
  • Sulfur (S): 0.050% max
  • Phosphorus (P): 0.050% max
  • Iron (Fe): Balance

Properties

EN8 steel offers a range of beneficial mechanical properties, including:

  • Strength: It has a good tensile strength of approximately 700 - 850 MPa, depending on the grade and heat treatment.
  • Hardness: EN8 steel has a typical Brinell hardness of around 140 HB to 200 HB when in its untreated form.
  • Machinability: This material has good machinability, making it suitable for turning, milling, and drilling operations.
  • Weldability: EN8 steel can be welded using standard welding methods, though pre-heating may be required to avoid cracking.
  • Durability: The material offers good wear resistance and durability when heat-treated, making it ideal for applications subjected to mechanical stress.

Applications

EN8 steel is widely used in the production of various mechanical components that require moderate strength and toughness. Some common applications include:

  • Shafts
  • Gears
  • Bolts
  • Machine parts
  • Axles
  • Connecting rods
  • Forged parts

Heat Treatment

EN8 can be heat-treated to improve its mechanical properties. Common heat treatments for EN8 steel include:

  • Annealing: Heating the steel to a temperature of around 700-750°C and then cooling it slowly to improve machinability.
  • Hardening: Heating the steel to 800-850°C and then quenching in water or oil to increase hardness.
  • Tempering: After hardening, EN8 steel can be tempered by reheating to 200-500°C and then cooling, to achieve the desired balance of strength and ductility.


EN9 Steel

EN9 is a medium carbon steel that is commonly used in various engineering and manufacturing applications. Known for its good balance of strength and toughness, it is often selected for parts that need to withstand moderate wear and pressure. EN9 steel can be heat treated to improve its hardness and strength, making it suitable for applications requiring moderate strength, toughness, and wear resistance.

Composition:
Carbon (C): 0.40–0.50%
Manganese (Mn): 0.60–0.90%
Phosphorus (P): 0.04% max
Sulfur (S): 0.05% max
Iron (Fe): Balance
Mechanical Properties:
Tensile Strength: 540–700 MPa (78,000–101,000 psi)
Yield Strength: 340 MPa (49,000 psi)
Hardness: 170–200 HB (Brinell hardness)
Impact Resistance: Moderate
Machinability: Fair to good
Ductility: Moderate
Heat Treatment:
Annealing: Softening treatment to improve machinability
Hardening: Quenching and tempering for increased strength and hardness
Applications:
Automotive parts: Gear shafts, crankshafts, axles
Engineering components: Structural steel parts, bolts, nuts
Machine components: Sprockets, couplings, mechanical parts
Tools and dies: Medium-duty tooling
Advantages of EN9 Steel:
Versatile and suitable for a variety of industries
Good wear resistance
Excellent machinability
Affordable for medium-duty applications
Standards & Specifications:
BS 970-1: British Standard for steel bars
EN 10083-2: European standard for quenching and tempering steels
DIN 17200: German standard for carbon steel grades

EN42 Steel

EN42 is a medium carbon steel used primarily in applications that require good tensile strength, wear resistance, and some level of toughness. It is commonly used in manufacturing components such as gears, shafts, and other engineering parts.

Chemical Composition
Element Percentage (%)
Carbon (C) 0.38 - 0.43
Manganese (Mn) 0.60 - 0.90
Silicon (Si) 0.10 - 0.35
Phosphorus (P) Max 0.035
Sulfur (S) Max 0.035
Chromium (Cr) Max 0.30
Mechanical Properties
  • Tensile Strength: 600 - 800 MPa
  • Yield Strength: 350 - 500 MPa
  • Hardness (HB): 170 - 230
  • Elongation: 14 - 18%
Applications
  • Manufacture of components subjected to medium loads and wear.
  • Production of gears, shafts, and bolts.
  • Used in mechanical engineering and automotive applications.
  • Components requiring a balance between hardness and toughness.
Heat Treatment

The typical heat treatment for EN42 steel is:

  • Annealing: Heat to 850 - 900°C, then cool in furnace or air.
  • Hardening: Heat to 830 - 860°C, then quench in oil or water.
  • Tempering: Heat to 550 - 700°C for desired hardness and toughness.
Physical Properties
  • Density: 7.85 g/cm³
  • Melting Point: 1450°C
  • Modulus of Elasticity: 200 GPa

EN45 Steel

EN45 is a medium-carbon steel, which is often used in applications requiring good strength, toughness, and resistance to wear and fatigue. It is widely used in industries such as automotive and mechanical engineering for components like springs, gears, and shafts.

Chemical Composition
Element Percentage (%)
Carbon (C) 0.45 - 0.50
Manganese (Mn) 0.60 - 0.90
Silicon (Si) 0.10 - 0.35
Phosphorus (P) Max 0.035
Sulfur (S) Max 0.035
Chromium (Cr) Max 0.30

Mechanical Properties
  • Tensile Strength: 700 - 900 MPa
  • Yield Strength: 450 - 600 MPa
  • Hardness (HB): 200 - 250
  • Elongation: 14 - 18%

Applications
  • Manufacture of springs (such as for suspension systems).
  • Components that require high strength and wear resistance.
  • Used in automotive and mechanical engineering, such as gears, shafts, and fasteners.
  • Ideal for parts that undergo frequent stress and need fatigue resistance.

Heat Treatment

The typical heat treatment for EN45 steel is:

  • Annealing: Heat to 850 - 900°C, then cool in furnace or air.
  • Hardening: Heat to 820 - 860°C, then quench in oil or water.
  • Tempering: Heat to 550 - 700°C for desired hardness and toughness.

Physical Properties
  • Density: 7.85 g/cm³
  • Melting Point: 1450°C
  • Modulus of Elasticity: 200 GPa


1015 Steel

1015 steel is a low-carbon steel, commonly used in applications where weldability and formability are important. It is often employed in manufacturing parts that require ease of fabrication, and is ideal for parts subjected to low-stress conditions.

Chemical Composition
Element Percentage (%)
Carbon (C) 0.08 - 0.13
Manganese (Mn) 0.30 - 0.60
Silicon (Si) Max 0.30
Phosphorus (P) Max 0.04
Sulfur (S) Max 0.05

Mechanical Properties
  • Tensile Strength: 400 - 500 MPa
  • Yield Strength: 200 - 250 MPa
  • Hardness (HB): 120 - 160
  • Elongation: 20 - 30%

Applications
  • General engineering applications where low strength and good ductility are needed.
  • Welding components, bolts, nuts, and other parts subjected to low-stress conditions.
  • Suitable for cold working and forming operations.

Heat Treatment

The typical heat treatment for 1015 steel is:

  • Annealing: Heat to 700-750°C, then cool slowly in the furnace or air.
  • Hardening: 1015 is not generally hardened, but it can be carburized to improve surface hardness.
  • Tempering: Tempering is generally not required for 1015, as it is a low-carbon steel.

Physical Properties
  • Density: 7.85 g/cm³
  • Melting Point: 1425 - 1540°C
  • Modulus of Elasticity: 200 GPa

1020 Steel

1020 steel is a low-carbon steel with good machinability and weldability. It is commonly used in applications where moderate strength and toughness are required, as well as good formability and ease of fabrication.

Chemical Composition
Element Percentage (%)
Carbon (C) 0.18 - 0.23
Manganese (Mn) 0.30 - 0.60
Silicon (Si) Max 0.30
Phosphorus (P) Max 0.04
Sulfur (S) Max 0.05

Mechanical Properties
  • Tensile Strength: 410 - 790 MPa
  • Yield Strength: 205 - 255 MPa
  • Hardness (HB): 120 - 160
  • Elongation: 15 - 20%

Applications
  • Automotive components such as gears, axles, and shafts.
  • Machine parts, structural components, and pipes.
  • Commonly used in construction and manufacturing industries for parts requiring moderate strength.

Heat Treatment

1020 steel can be heat treated to achieve various mechanical properties depending on the desired outcome:

  • Annealing: Heat to 700-740°C, followed by air cooling.
  • Hardening: 1020 steel can be hardened by heating to 850-900°C and then quenching in oil or water.
  • Tempering: After hardening, tempering is typically done at 200-300°C to achieve the desired hardness.

Physical Properties
  • Density: 7.85 g/cm³
  • Melting Point: 1425 - 1540°C
  • Modulus of Elasticity: 200 GPa

1030 Steel - Detailed Information

1030 steel is a medium-carbon steel with a higher carbon content compared to low-carbon steels like 1010 and 1020. This steel has higher strength and hardness but lower ductility. It is commonly used for applications where higher strength is required, such as machine parts, shafts, and gears.

Chemical Composition
Element Percentage (%)
Carbon (C) 0.28 - 0.34
Manganese (Mn) 0.60 - 0.90
Silicon (Si) Max 0.35
Phosphorus (P) Max 0.04
Sulfur (S) Max 0.05

Mechanical Properties
  • Tensile Strength: 580 - 700 MPa
  • Yield Strength: 275 - 355 MPa
  • Hardness (HB): 170 - 210
  • Elongation: 16 - 20%

Applications
  • Machine components requiring higher strength such as shafts, gears, and axles.
  • Parts used in automotive and engineering applications where wear resistance is critical.
  • Used in construction and structural applications that require medium strength and hardness.

Heat Treatment

1030 steel can undergo heat treatment to enhance its mechanical properties. Here are the common heat treatments:

  • Annealing: Heat to 750-800°C, followed by air cooling to relieve internal stresses.
  • Hardening: Heat to 850-900°C and quench in oil or water to achieve higher hardness.
  • Tempering: After hardening, tempering is done at 200-300°C to reduce brittleness and achieve the desired mechanical properties.

Physical Properties
  • Density: 7.85 g/cm³
  • Melting Point: 1425 - 1540°C
  • Modulus of Elasticity: 210 GPa

C45 Steel - Detailed Information

C45 steel is a medium-carbon steel that is widely used in various engineering applications. Known for its high strength, good machinability, and weldability, it is commonly employed in manufacturing parts such as shafts, gears, bolts, and axles. C45 is highly regarded for its versatility and balance of properties.

Chemical Composition
Element Percentage (%)
Carbon (C) 0.42 - 0.50
Manganese (Mn) 0.50 - 0.80
Silicon (Si) Max 0.40
Phosphorus (P) Max 0.04
Sulfur (S) Max 0.05

Mechanical Properties
  • Tensile Strength: 600 - 800 MPa
  • Yield Strength: 350 - 450 MPa
  • Hardness (HB): 170 - 210
  • Elongation: 16 - 20%

Applications
  • Mechanical components such as shafts, gears, and axles.
  • Parts that require medium strength and good wear resistance, including bolts, studs, and fasteners.
  • Used in the automotive, construction, and manufacturing industries for various machine parts.

Heat Treatment

C45 steel can be heat-treated to improve its mechanical properties. Here are the typical heat treatments for C45:

  • Annealing: Heat to 800-850°C and cool slowly in the furnace to relieve internal stresses.
  • Hardening: Heat to 850-900°C and quench in oil or water for increased hardness.
  • Tempering: After hardening, tempering is done at 150-200°C to reduce brittleness and increase toughness.

Physical Properties
  • Density: 7.85 g/cm³
  • Melting Point: 1425 - 1540°C
  • Modulus of Elasticity: 210 GPa

1040 Steel

1040 steel is a medium-carbon steel that offers a good combination of strength, toughness, and wear resistance. It is commonly used in applications that require moderate strength, such as automotive components, machine parts, and structural components.

Chemical Composition
Element Percentage (%)
Carbon (C) 0.38 - 0.44
Manganese (Mn) 0.60 - 0.90
Silicon (Si) Max 0.35
Phosphorus (P) Max 0.04
Sulfur (S) Max 0.05

Mechanical Properties
  • Tensile Strength: 570 - 700 MPa
  • Yield Strength: 340 - 440 MPa
  • Hardness (HB): 170 - 210
  • Elongation: 16 - 20%

Applications
  • Automotive parts such as gears, axles, and shafts.
  • Structural components in engineering and construction, including frames and supports.
  • Machine parts requiring medium strength and durability.

Heat Treatment

1040 steel can be heat-treated to improve its mechanical properties and provide better strength, hardness, and wear resistance. Here are the typical heat treatments for 1040:

  • Annealing: Heat to 760-790°C and then cool slowly to relieve internal stresses.
  • Hardening: Heat to 820-860°C and quench in oil or water to increase hardness.
  • Tempering: After hardening, tempering is done at 150-300°C to improve toughness and reduce brittleness.

Physical Properties
  • Density: 7.85 g/cm³
  • Melting Point: 1425 - 1540°C
  • Modulus of Elasticity: 210 GPa

1010 Steel

1010 steel is a low-carbon steel that is known for its ease of machining and welding, along with good ductility and mild strength. It is commonly used in applications requiring a good balance of properties, including mild automotive components, structural components, and general engineering parts.

Chemical Composition
Element Percentage (%)
Carbon (C) 0.08 - 0.13
Manganese (Mn) 0.30 - 0.60
Silicon (Si) Max 0.30
Phosphorus (P) Max 0.04
Sulfur (S) Max 0.05

Mechanical Properties
  • Tensile Strength: 410 - 560 MPa
  • Yield Strength: 190 - 310 MPa
  • Hardness (HB): 120 - 160
  • Elongation: 30 - 40%

Applications
  • Automotive parts like frames, body panels, and chassis components.
  • Construction materials such as structural beams and columns.
  • General engineering applications requiring mild steel with good machinability and weldability.

Heat Treatment

1010 steel is primarily used in its as-rolled or cold-drawn form but can undergo heat treatment to enhance specific properties. Typical heat treatments include:

  • Annealing: Heat to 650-700°C and cool slowly in air to relieve internal stresses and soften the steel.
  • Hardening: 1010 steel does not harden significantly via heat treatment due to its low carbon content.
  • Tempering: Usually not required unless higher hardness or strength is needed.

Physical Properties
  • Density: 7.85 g/cm³
  • Melting Point: 1425 - 1540°C
  • Modulus of Elasticity: 210 GPa

1008 Steel

1008 steel is a low-carbon steel that is widely used for a variety of applications due to its excellent machinability, formability, and weldability. It is primarily used in automotive, manufacturing, and structural applications where low strength and moderate hardness are acceptable.

Chemical Composition
Element Percentage (%)
Carbon (C) 0.06 - 0.13
Manganese (Mn) 0.30 - 0.60
Silicon (Si) Max 0.30
Phosphorus (P) Max 0.04
Sulfur (S) Max 0.05

Mechanical Properties
  • Tensile Strength: 370 - 520 MPa
  • Yield Strength: 205 - 275 MPa
  • Hardness (HB): 120 - 160
  • Elongation: 30 - 40%

Applications
  • Automotive components such as body panels, frames, and structural parts.
  • Manufacturing of thin sheets, rods, and tubes.
  • General engineering applications where strength is not a major requirement.

Heat Treatment

1008 steel is a low-carbon steel, meaning it is primarily used in its as-rolled or cold-rolled condition. While it doesn't have significant hardenability, it can be treated to improve certain properties. Typical heat treatments for 1008 include:

  • Annealing: Heat to 650-700°C and cool slowly in air to relieve internal stresses and soften the steel.
  • Hardening: 1008 steel does not have sufficient carbon content to be hardened through heat treatment effectively.
  • Tempering: Generally not required as 1008 steel is not typically hardened.

Physical Properties
  • Density: 7.85 g/cm³
  • Melting Point: 1425 - 1540°C
  • Modulus of Elasticity: 210 GPa

1541 Steel

1541 steel is a medium-carbon steel that is known for its balance between strength, toughness, and wear resistance. It is commonly used in applications that require moderate strength, durability, and hardness. This steel grade is often utilized for parts that are subjected to moderate impact and wear.

Chemical Composition
Element Percentage (%)
Carbon (C) 0.38 - 0.44
Manganese (Mn) 0.60 - 0.90
Silicon (Si) Max 0.35
Phosphorus (P) Max 0.04
Sulfur (S) Max 0.05

Mechanical Properties
  • Tensile Strength: 590 - 750 MPa
  • Yield Strength: 330 - 450 MPa
  • Hardness (HB): 200 - 250
  • Elongation: 20 - 30%

Applications
  • Automotive components such as gears, shafts, and crankshafts.
  • Machine parts and tools that are exposed to moderate wear and stress.
  • Heavy-duty machinery components that require a good combination of toughness and wear resistance.

Heat Treatment

1541 steel is suitable for heat treatment processes that enhance its mechanical properties, particularly for increasing hardness and strength. The typical heat treatments include:

  • Annealing: Heat to 830-860°C and cool slowly in a furnace to improve machinability and reduce internal stresses.
  • Hardening: Heat to 850-880°C and quench in oil or water to achieve increased hardness.
  • Tempering: After hardening, tempering at 150-300°C is common to achieve the desired combination of hardness and toughness.

Physical Properties
  • Density: 7.85 g/cm³
  • Melting Point: 1425 - 1540°C
  • Modulus of Elasticity: 210 GPa

1144 Steel

1144 steel, also known as stressproof steel, is a high-quality carbon steel alloy that has been cold drawn and stress-relieved. This steel is known for its superior machinability and high strength, making it ideal for applications requiring high performance and precision machining.

Chemical Composition
Element Percentage (%)
Carbon (C) 0.38 - 0.43
Manganese (Mn) 0.60 - 0.90
Silicon (Si) Max 0.35
Phosphorus (P) Max 0.04
Sulfur (S) Max 0.05

Mechanical Properties
  • Tensile Strength: 700 - 850 MPa
  • Yield Strength: 450 - 600 MPa
  • Hardness (HB): 250 - 300
  • Elongation: 10 - 20%

Applications
  • Precision shafts, pins, gears, and axles.
  • Machine components requiring high strength and wear resistance.
  • Automotive parts that need good machinability and strength.
  • Other parts subjected to high stress and wear conditions, such as camshafts and rollers.

Heat Treatment

1144 steel is a high-carbon steel that can be heat-treated for further improvement of hardness and strength. Common heat treatments for 1144 steel include:

  • Annealing: Heat to 830-860°C and cool slowly to soften the material for better machinability.
  • Hardening: Heat to 850-880°C and quench in oil or water to achieve a higher hardness.
  • Tempering: After hardening, tempering is typically performed at 150-200°C to adjust hardness and improve toughness.

Physical Properties
  • Density: 7.85 g/cm³
  • Melting Point: 1425 - 1540°C
  • Modulus of Elasticity: 210 GPa

1141 Steel

1141 steel is a low-alloy carbon steel with a good balance of strength, toughness, and machinability. It is often used in manufacturing applications that require high-strength and high-hardness components, such as automotive and machinery parts.

Chemical Composition
Element Percentage (%)
Carbon (C) 0.38 - 0.44
Manganese (Mn) 0.60 - 0.90
Silicon (Si) Max 0.35
Phosphorus (P) Max 0.04
Sulfur (S) Max 0.05

Mechanical Properties
  • Tensile Strength: 585 - 725 MPa
  • Yield Strength: 325 - 475 MPa
  • Hardness (HB): 190 - 220
  • Elongation: 20 - 30%

Applications
  • Automotive components, such as gears, shafts, and crankshafts.
  • Machine components requiring good machinability and wear resistance.
  • Heavy-duty machinery components, including axles, cams, and pins.
  • Structural components subjected to moderate stress and impact.

Heat Treatment

1141 steel is often heat-treated to optimize its mechanical properties, especially for applications requiring increased hardness and strength. The common heat treatments include:

  • Annealing: Heat to 830-860°C and cool slowly to improve machinability and relieve internal stresses.
  • Hardening: Heat to 850-880°C and quench in oil or water to achieve increased hardness.
  • Tempering: After hardening, tempering is typically performed at 150-250°C to achieve the desired combination of hardness and toughness.

Physical Properties
  • Density: 7.85 g/cm³
  • Melting Point: 1425 - 1540°C
  • Modulus of Elasticity: 210 GPa

EN8 High Manganese Steel

EN8 High Manganese steel is a high-carbon steel that contains a significant amount of manganese to improve its mechanical properties, such as toughness, strength, and resistance to wear. It is commonly used in situations where moderate strength and resistance to impact and abrasion are required. This steel grade is often used in engineering applications for components that will undergo heavy wear and impact.

Chemical Composition
Element Percentage (%)
Carbon (C) 0.40 - 0.45
Manganese (Mn) 0.60 - 1.00
Silicon (Si) Max 0.35
Phosphorus (P) Max 0.04
Sulfur (S) Max 0.05

Mechanical Properties
  • Tensile Strength: 580 - 800 MPa
  • Yield Strength: 350 - 500 MPa
  • Hardness (HB): 170 - 210
  • Elongation: 15 - 25%

Applications
  • Manufacturing of shafts, gears, and axles.
  • Automotive and engineering components subjected to moderate wear and impact.
  • Machine components such as bolts, studs, and rods.
  • Heavy-duty engineering parts like flywheels, crankshafts, and other load-bearing parts.

Heat Treatment

EN8 High Manganese steel can be heat-treated to achieve higher hardness and improved mechanical properties. The typical heat treatments include:

  • Annealing: Heat to 830-860°C and then cool slowly in a furnace for improved machinability and stress relief.
  • Hardening: Heat to 850-880°C and quench in oil or water for a higher hardness level.
  • Tempering: After hardening, tempering is usually performed at 150-250°C to adjust hardness and toughness.

Physical Properties
  • Density: 7.85 g/cm³
  • Melting Point: 1425 - 1540°C
  • Modulus of Elasticity: 210 GPa

ST52 Steel

ST52 steel is a high-strength, low-alloy steel commonly used in structural applications. It is particularly favored for its excellent machinability, good weldability, and high strength-to-weight ratio. ST52 steel is commonly used in the manufacturing of heavy machinery and industrial components such as shafts, axles, and beams.

Chemical Composition
Element Percentage (%)
Carbon (C) 0.22 - 0.26
Manganese (Mn) 1.50 - 1.80
Silicon (Si) 0.50 - 0.70
Phosphorus (P) Max 0.025
Sulfur (S) Max 0.015
Chromium (Cr) 0.30 - 0.60
Nickel (Ni) Max 0.50

Mechanical Properties
  • Tensile Strength: 510 - 700 MPa
  • Yield Strength: 355 MPa (minimum)
  • Hardness (HB): 170 - 210
  • Elongation: 20 - 22%

Applications
  • Heavy-duty structural components such as beams, columns, and frames.
  • Machine parts like shafts, axles, and gears.
  • Automotive and aerospace components that require high strength and durability.
  • Construction machinery, industrial robots, and material handling equipment.

Heat Treatment

ST52 steel can be heat-treated to enhance its mechanical properties, particularly to improve its strength and hardness. The typical heat treatments include:

  • Annealing: Heat to 650-700°C and then cool slowly to relieve internal stresses and improve machinability.
  • Normalizing: Heat to 880-950°C and then air cool to improve uniformity and mechanical properties.
  • Hardening: Heat to 850-880°C and quench in oil or water to achieve higher hardness.
  • Tempering: After hardening, temper at 150-250°C to adjust hardness and improve toughness.

Physical Properties
  • Density: 7.85 g/cm³
  • Melting Point: 1425 - 1540°C
  • Modulus of Elasticity: 210 GPa

EN16 Steel

EN16 steel is a medium carbon steel alloyed with manganese, designed for use in mechanical engineering applications. Known for its high tensile strength and toughness, EN16 steel is used in manufacturing components that require good wear resistance and ability to withstand moderate impact. It is widely used in automotive and structural applications.

Chemical Composition
Element Percentage (%)
Carbon (C) 0.33 - 0.40
Manganese (Mn) 0.60 - 0.90
Silicon (Si) Max 0.40
Phosphorus (P) Max 0.035
Sulfur (S) Max 0.035
Chromium (Cr) Max 0.30

Mechanical Properties
  • Tensile Strength: 550 - 700 MPa
  • Yield Strength: 250 - 450 MPa
  • Hardness (HB): 170 - 210
  • Elongation: 20 - 25%

Applications
  • Automotive parts like shafts, axles, and gears.
  • Machine components requiring good wear resistance and strength.
  • Structural applications including beams, columns, and frames in construction machinery.
  • Heavy-duty mechanical components that require toughness and resistance to impact.

Heat Treatment

EN16 steel can be heat-treated to improve its mechanical properties. The common heat treatments include:

  • Annealing: Heat to 850-900°C and cool slowly to improve machinability and relieve internal stresses.
  • Hardening: Heat to 850-900°C and quench in water or oil to achieve high hardness.
  • Tempering: After hardening, tempering is performed at 150-300°C to balance hardness and toughness.
  • Normalizing: Heat to 880-950°C and air cool to improve uniformity and grain structure.

Physical Properties
  • Density: 7.85 g/cm³
  • Melting Point: 1425 - 1540°C
  • Modulus of Elasticity: 210 GPa

C60 Steel

C60 steel is a high-carbon steel alloy known for its hardness, high wear resistance, and strength. It is primarily used in applications where components need to withstand high levels of stress and abrasion. C60 steel is widely used in the manufacturing of automotive components, cutting tools, and machine parts.

Chemical Composition
Element Percentage (%)
Carbon (C) 0.55 - 0.65
Manganese (Mn) 0.60 - 0.90
Silicon (Si) Max 0.40
Phosphorus (P) Max 0.035
Sulfur (S) Max 0.035

Mechanical Properties
  • Tensile Strength: 600 - 800 MPa
  • Yield Strength: 400 - 600 MPa
  • Hardness (HB): 190 - 250
  • Elongation: 12 - 15%

Applications
  • Automotive components such as crankshafts, gears, and camshafts.
  • Cutting tools and machine parts that require high wear resistance.
  • Structural components like axles, shafts, and springs.
  • Manufacturing of high-performance components for engines and heavy machinery.

Heat Treatment

Heat treatment processes can significantly improve the hardness and strength of C60 steel. The common heat treatments for C60 steel include:

  • Annealing: Heat to 850-900°C and allow to cool slowly to improve machinability and relieve internal stresses.
  • Hardening: Heat to 850-900°C and quench in water or oil to achieve higher hardness.
  • Tempering: After hardening, temper at 150-200°C to adjust the hardness and improve toughness.
  • Normalizing: Heat to 880-950°C and air cool to refine grain structure and improve uniformity.

Physical Properties
  • Density: 7.85 g/cm³
  • Melting Point: 1425 - 1540°C
  • Modulus of Elasticity: 210 GPa

C75 Steel

C75 steel is a high-carbon steel primarily used for producing springs, tools, and other high-strength mechanical components. It is well-known for its hardness, high tensile strength, and excellent wear resistance. The high carbon content gives it the ability to be hardened and tempered, making it suitable for applications requiring high fatigue resistance and toughness.

Chemical Composition
Element Percentage (%)
Carbon (C) 0.70 - 0.80
Manganese (Mn) 0.60 - 0.90
Silicon (Si) Max 0.40
Phosphorus (P) Max 0.035
Sulfur (S) Max 0.035

Mechanical Properties
  • Tensile Strength: 750 - 1000 MPa
  • Yield Strength: 500 - 700 MPa
  • Hardness (HB): 200 - 250
  • Elongation: 10 - 12%

Applications
  • Manufacture of springs, especially in automotive, aerospace, and industrial applications.
  • High-strength tools such as punches, dies, and shear blades.
  • Cutting tools and components that require wear resistance and toughness.
  • Mechanical components subject to high stress, such as shafts and axles.

Heat Treatment

C75 steel can be heat-treated to improve its hardness, wear resistance, and mechanical properties. The typical heat treatments include:

  • Annealing: Heat to 850-900°C and allow to cool slowly to soften the material and improve machinability.
  • Hardening: Heat to 800-850°C and quench in oil or water for a significant increase in hardness.
  • Tempering: After hardening, tempering is typically done at 150-300°C to adjust hardness and improve toughness.
  • Normalizing: Heat to 880-950°C and allow to air cool to refine the grain structure and increase uniformity.

Physical Properties
  • Density: 7.85 g/cm³
  • Melting Point: 1425 - 1540°C
  • Modulus of Elasticity: 210 GPa

C70 Steel

C70 steel is a high-carbon steel that is commonly used in the manufacturing of mechanical components that require high strength, wear resistance, and toughness. It is suitable for applications such as tools, springs, and structural components subjected to heavy stress and wear. C70 steel can be heat-treated to achieve desired hardness and strength properties.

Chemical Composition
Element Percentage (%)
Carbon (C) 0.65 - 0.75
Manganese (Mn) 0.60 - 0.90
Silicon (Si) Max 0.40
Phosphorus (P) Max 0.035
Sulfur (S) Max 0.035

Mechanical Properties
  • Tensile Strength: 700 - 900 MPa
  • Yield Strength: 450 - 600 MPa
  • Hardness (HB): 180 - 220
  • Elongation: 10 - 12%

C35 Steel

C35 steel is a medium-carbon steel grade that is widely used for a variety of mechanical and structural applications. With good strength and toughness, it is commonly used in manufacturing components such as shafts, gears, and other machine parts. It has a good balance of hardness and workability, making it a popular choice in industries such as automotive and construction.

Chemical Composition
Element Percentage (%)
Carbon (C) 0.32 - 0.38
Manganese (Mn) 0.60 - 0.90
Silicon (Si) Max 0.40
Phosphorus (P) Max 0.035
Sulfur (S) Max 0.035

Mechanical Properties
  • Tensile Strength: 600 - 750 MPa
  • Yield Strength: 350 - 500 MPa
  • Hardness (HB): 160 - 190
  • Elongation: 16 - 18%

Applications
  • Manufacturing of machine parts such as shafts, gears, and bolts.
  • Structural components in construction and engineering projects.
  • Automotive parts such as crankshafts and connecting rods.
  • Parts that require good strength, toughness, and moderate hardness.

Heat Treatment

C35 steel can undergo several heat treatment processes to improve its hardness, strength, and overall performance. The typical heat treatments for C35 steel include:

  • Annealing: Heat to 850-900°C and slowly cool to relieve internal stresses and improve machinability.
  • Hardening: Heat to 800-850°C and quench in oil or water to increase hardness.
  • Tempering: After hardening, temper at 150-250°C to improve toughness and balance hardness.
  • Normalizing: Heat to 880-950°C and allow to air cool to refine grain structure and achieve uniform properties.

38XC Steel

Property Details
Standard AFNOR 38XC (French Standard)
Material Type High Carbon Tool Steel
Carbon (C) 0.90% – 1.05%
Manganese (Mn) 0.20% – 0.50%
Hardness (after heat treatment) Up to 62 HRC
Tensile Strength 700–900 MPa (approx., annealed condition)
Machinability Good (in annealed state)
Applications Knives, blades, cutting tools, dies, punches
Heat Treatment Hardened and tempered for increased strength and wear resistance

Applications: Cutting tools, blades, knives, punches, and dies where wear resistance is crucial.

Heat Treatment: Can be hardened and tempered for higher strength and performance.


1018


Grade 1018 is a low-carbon steel that offers a good balance of toughness, strength, and ductility. It is commonly used in a variety of applications due to its excellent weldability and machinability.

Key Properties
Property Value
Carbon Content 0.15% - 0.20%
Manganese 0.60% - 0.90%
Yield Strength ~370 MPa
Tensile Strength ~440 MPa
Hardness Rockwell B71 (Annealed)
Common Applications
  • Shafts and axles
  • Machine parts
  • Pins and dowels
  • Forgings

1018 steel is often used in cold drawn or hot rolled forms and is easy to fabricate, making it ideal for both industrial and consumer products.


ST37


ST37 is a low-carbon structural steel grade, primarily used in construction and general engineering applications. It is known for its good weldability, machinability, and formability.

Key Properties
Property Value
Carbon Content ≤ 0.17%
Manganese ≤ 1.40%
Yield Strength ~235 MPa
Tensile Strength 360–510 MPa
Elongation ≥ 25%
Common Applications
  • Structural frameworks
  • Bridges and buildings
  • Pipes and tanks
  • Machinery parts

ST37 is often supplied as hot-rolled or cold-rolled plates, sheets, or profiles. It's roughly equivalent to ASTM A36 in the American standard.