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Tool Steel Grades
Tool steel is a high-carbon steel that is designed for use in the manufacture of tools, dies, and molds, as well as other equipment that requires high hardness and wear resistance. There are several grades of tool steel, each designed for specific applications and having distinct properties such as hardness, toughness, wear resistance, and resistance to heat.
Properties:
- Hardness Tool steels typically have high hardness, enabling them to maintain sharpness and resist wear.
- Toughness Toughness refers to the material's ability to absorb energy and deform without breaking. Some grades prioritize toughness to avoid brittleness.
- Wear Resistance:This property allows tool steels to withstand abrasive wear, especially in cutting and shaping operations.
Table of Content
A2
A2 Spring Steel is a cold-work tool steel that belongs to the high-carbon, chromium-molybdenum steel family. It is known for its good wear resistance and toughness, as well as its ability to withstand high pressures and temperatures. A2 Spring Steel is often used in the production of springs, dies, and tools that require high hardness and resistance to wear. It is highly versatile and is suitable for various industrial applications.
Chemical Composition:
- Carbon (C): 0.95-1.05%
- Chromium (Cr): 4.75-5.50%
- Molybdenum (Mo): 1.0-1.2%
- Manganese (Mn): 0.40-0.60%
- Silicon (Si): 0.80-1.20%
- Phosphorus (P): 0.03% max.
- Sulfur (S): 0.03% max.
Key Properties:
- High Wear Resistance: A2 Spring Steel has excellent wear resistance, making it ideal for use in tooling applications where resistance to friction is essential.
- Good Toughness: The steel’s toughness ensures that it can withstand high-impact stresses without cracking or breaking.
- High Hardness: After heat treatment, A2 steel can achieve a high level of hardness, which makes it suitable for demanding applications such as springs and dies.
- Good Dimensional Stability: A2 maintains its shape well under stress and high-temperature conditions, ensuring consistency in performance.
- Corrosion Resistance: A2 has some resistance to corrosion, though not as much as stainless steels.
Applications:
- Springs: Commonly used for producing springs that require high strength and resistance to deformation under stress.
- Dies and Tools: A2 is used in the manufacturing of dies, punches, and cutting tools that require excellent wear resistance.
- High-Pressure Components: Used in parts exposed to high pressure, such as valve springs and other mechanical components in high-stress applications.
- Industrial Equipment: Utilized in producing industrial equipment components, particularly those exposed to moderate corrosion environments.
- Automotive Parts: Used in automotive applications such as engine components, valve springs, and suspension systems.
Standard Specifications:
- AISI/SAE A2
- ASTM A681
- UNS T30102
S7
S7 Tool Steel is a high-carbon, shock-resistant tool steel grade known for its excellent toughness, wear resistance, and ability to withstand impact loading. It is commonly used for tooling applications that require resistance to high impacts and fatigue, such as dies, punches, and shear blades. S7 is often chosen for tools that are subjected to both high pressure and high-temperature environments. This grade is easily hardened and tempered to produce a wide range of hardness and wear resistance properties, which makes it versatile for various industrial applications.
Chemical Composition:
- Carbon (C): 0.50-0.55%
- Chromium (Cr): 5.25-5.75%
- Molybdenum (Mo): 1.10-1.60%
- Manganese (Mn): 0.30-0.60%
- Silicon (Si): 0.80-1.00%
- Vanadium (V): 0.20-0.50%
- Phosphorus (P): 0.03% max.
- Sulfur (S): 0.03% max.
Key Properties:
- Excellent Toughness: S7 offers high resistance to impact, making it ideal for tools exposed to shock loading and fatigue.
- Good Wear Resistance: It exhibits good wear resistance, which is beneficial for tools used in high-stress environments.
- High Hardness: After proper heat treatment, S7 can achieve high hardness, providing the strength necessary for demanding applications.
- Good Dimensional Stability: It maintains its shape under extreme conditions, making it reliable in both high-temperature and high-pressure situations.
- Versatile Heat Treatment: S7 can be hardened to a variety of levels, offering flexibility in applications.
Applications:
- Tools for Impact: Used in tools that are subjected to high impact and shock loading, such as hammers, punches, and shear blades.
- Die-Cutting Tools: Common in the production of dies for cutting, forming, and stamping applications.
- Plastic Molding Tools: Often used for plastic molding tools that require a combination of high toughness and wear resistance.
- High-Pressure Dies: Suitable for dies that operate under high pressures, such as in automotive and aerospace industries.
- Aerospace and Automotive: Used for parts in aerospace and automotive industries where resistance to impact, wear, and fatigue is required.
Standard Specifications:
- AISI/SAE S7
- ASTM A681
- UNS T41907
O1
O1 Tool Steel is a high-carbon, cold-work tool steel that is commonly used in applications requiring hardness, wear resistance, and dimensional stability. It is a versatile tool steel that is known for its excellent machinability and good wear resistance, making it ideal for the production of tools, dies, and molds. O1 can be easily heat treated to achieve a high level of hardness and is used in various manufacturing processes where high precision is required.
Chemical Composition:
- Carbon (C): 0.90-1.05%
- Chromium (Cr): 0.50-1.00%
- Vanadium (V): 0.10-0.30%
- Manganese (Mn): 0.60-0.90%
- Silicon (Si): 0.30-0.60%
- Phosphorus (P): 0.03% max.
- Sulfur (S): 0.03% max.
Key Properties:
- Excellent Machinability: O1 steel is known for its excellent machinability, making it ideal for precise tool manufacturing.
- Good Wear Resistance: Offers good resistance to wear and abrasion under normal working conditions.
- High Hardness: O1 can be hardened to a range of 55-65 HRC, providing excellent hardness for demanding tooling applications.
- Dimensional Stability: Exhibits minimal distortion during heat treatment, ensuring high precision in manufacturing processes.
- Good Toughness: While it is hard, O1 still retains a decent level of toughness and is resistant to cracking under impact.
Applications:
- Cutting Tools: O1 is commonly used to manufacture cutting tools such as knives, chisels, and punches due to its high hardness and wear resistance.
- Dies and Molds: Used in the production of molds and dies for a wide variety of applications, including plastic molding and stamping dies.
- Shears and Blades: Ideal for making blades, shears, and knives used in industrial and commercial cutting operations.
- Forming Tools: Often used to create tools such as jigs, fixtures, and other tools that require precise shape retention and hardness.
- Precision Tools: O1 is used for manufacturing precision tools in industries like automotive, aerospace, and manufacturing where fine tolerances are critical.
Standard Specifications:
- AISI/SAE O1
- ASTM A681
- UNS T31501
F11 Steel
F11 is a high-performance Chromium-Molybdenum alloy steel primarily used for high-temperature and high-pressure service in power generation, oil & gas, and petrochemical industries. It has good creep strength, oxidation resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance.
Specification Standard
| Property | Details |
|---|---|
| Standard | ASTM A182 F11 / ASTM A335 P11 / ASME SA182 / SA335 |
| Type | Low Alloy Chromium-Molybdenum Steel |
| Form | Forgings, Bars, Pipes, Fittings |
| Condition | Normalized and Tempered |
| Hardness | Max 217 HB (typically) |
| Temperature Resistance | Up to ~600°C (1110°F) |
Chemical Composition
| Element | Percentage (%) |
|---|---|
| Carbon (C) | 0.05 – 0.15 |
| Manganese (Mn) | 0.30 – 0.60 |
| Silicon (Si) | 0.50 – 1.00 |
| Chromium (Cr) | 1.00 – 1.50 |
| Molybdenum (Mo) | 0.44 – 0.65 |
| Phosphorus (P) | Max 0.025 |
| Sulphur (S) | Max 0.025 |
Mechanical Properties (Typical)
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Tensile Strength | 415 – 585 MPa |
| Yield Strength | 205 MPa min |
| Elongation | 22% min |
| Impact Toughness | 47 J (at ambient temperature) |
Applications
- Power plant components (headers, piping, valve bodies)
- Petrochemical and refineries (pressure vessels, heat exchangers)
- Steam boilers and superheaters
- High-temperature tubing and forged parts
Key Features
- Good high-temperature strength and stability
- Moderate corrosion and oxidation resistance
- Excellent weldability
- Good creep resistance for extended service
F12 Steel
F12 is a high-performance low alloy steel containing Chromium and Molybdenum. It is used in pressure vessels, steam piping, and heat exchangers for high-temperature and high-pressure service. It offers better oxidation resistance than F11 due to higher chromium content.
Specification Standard
| Property | Details |
|---|---|
| Standard | ASTM A182 F12 / ASTM A335 P12 / ASME SA182 / SA335 |
| Material Type | Low Alloy Chromium-Molybdenum Steel |
| Form | Forged Fittings, Pipes, Flanges, Bars |
| Condition | Normalized and Tempered |
| Service Temperature | Up to 600°C (1110°F) |
Chemical Composition
| Element | Percentage (%) |
|---|---|
| Carbon (C) | 0.05 – 0.15 |
| Manganese (Mn) | 0.30 – 0.61 |
| Silicon (Si) | 0.50 – 1.00 |
| Chromium (Cr) | 1.90 – 2.60 |
| Molybdenum (Mo) | 0.87 – 1.13 |
| Phosphorus (P) | Max 0.025 |
| Sulphur (S) | Max 0.025 |
Mechanical Properties (Typical)
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Tensile Strength | 450 – 620 MPa |
| Yield Strength | 220 MPa min |
| Elongation | 22% min |
| Impact Toughness | 47 J (at ambient temperature) |
Properties
- Higher oxidation and creep resistance than F11
- Excellent weldability
- Suitable for prolonged high-temp service
- Good strength-to-weight ratio
Applications
- High-temperature steam pipes
- Pressure vessels and superheaters
- Boiler tubes and components
- Heat exchangers and petrochemical equipment
F91 Alloy Steel
F91 is a high-strength low alloy steel with Chromium, Molybdenum, Vanadium, and Niobium. It is known for its excellent mechanical properties at elevated temperatures, making it ideal for supercritical and ultra-supercritical power plants and petrochemical applications.
Specification Standard
| Property | Details |
|---|---|
| Standard | ASTM A182 F91 / ASTM A335 P91 / ASME SA182 / SA335 |
| Material Type | Creep-Strength Enhanced Ferritic Steel (CSEF) |
| Form | Forgings, Pipes, Fittings, Tubes, Flanges |
| Delivery Condition | Normalized and Tempered |
| Service Temperature | Up to 650°C (1200°F) |
Chemical Composition
| Element | Percentage (%) |
|---|---|
| Carbon (C) | 0.08 – 0.12 |
| Manganese (Mn) | 0.30 – 0.60 |
| Silicon (Si) | 0.20 – 0.50 |
| Chromium (Cr) | 8.0 – 9.5 |
| Molybdenum (Mo) | 0.85 – 1.05 |
| Vanadium (V) | 0.18 – 0.25 |
| Niobium (Nb) | 0.06 – 0.10 |
| Phosphorus (P) | Max 0.020 |
| Sulphur (S) | Max 0.010 |
| Nitrogen (N) | 0.030 – 0.070 |
Mechanical Properties (Typical)
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Tensile Strength | 585 MPa min |
| Yield Strength | 415 MPa min |
| Elongation | 20% min |
| Impact Toughness | ≥ 47 J at room temp |
| Hardness | Max 250 HB (typically) |
Properties
- Superior creep and stress rupture resistance
- Excellent thermal fatigue resistance
- Oxidation and corrosion resistant in high temp service
- High strength-to-weight ratio
Applications
- Supercritical & ultra-supercritical boilers
- Power plant headers, piping, and tubes
- Heat exchangers and pressure vessels
- Steam turbines and high-pressure components
F9 Alloy Steel
F9 is a Chromium-Molybdenum alloy steel designed for use in high-temperature and high-pressure environments. Its 9% Chromium content provides excellent oxidation resistance, while 1% Molybdenum improves creep resistance and strength.
Specification Standard
| Property | Details |
|---|---|
| Standard | ASTM A182 F9 / ASTM A335 P9 / ASME SA182 / SA335 |
| Material Type | Low Alloy Chromium-Molybdenum Steel |
| Form | Forged Fittings, Pipes, Tubes, Flanges |
| Condition | Normalized and Tempered |
| Service Temperature | Up to 600°C (1110°F) |
Chemical Composition
| Element | Percentage (%) |
|---|---|
| Carbon (C) | 0.15 max |
| Manganese (Mn) | 0.30 – 0.60 |
| Silicon (Si) | 0.50 max |
| Chromium (Cr) | 8.00 – 10.00 |
| Molybdenum (Mo) | 0.90 – 1.10 |
| Phosphorus (P) | Max 0.025 |
| Sulphur (S) | Max 0.025 |
Mechanical Properties (Typical)
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Tensile Strength | 585 MPa min |
| Yield Strength | 415 MPa min |
| Elongation | 20% min |
| Impact Toughness | ≥ 47 J (at room temperature) |
Properties
- High creep strength and oxidation resistance
- Good weldability when properly heat-treated
- Suitable for long-term high-temperature service
- Stable under thermal cycling
Applications
- Power plant boilers and superheaters
- Steam piping and pressure vessels
- Refinery components and headers
- Petrochemical plant heat exchangers
F22 Alloy Steel
F22 is a Chromium-Molybdenum low alloy steel that offers excellent strength, corrosion resistance, and creep resistance at elevated temperatures. It is commonly used in high-pressure piping systems, pressure vessels, and petrochemical applications.
Specification Standard
| Property | Details |
|---|---|
| Standard | ASTM A182 F22 / ASTM A335 P22 / ASME SA182 / SA335 |
| Material Type | Low Alloy Chromium-Molybdenum Steel |
| Form | Forgings, Pipes, Tubes, Flanges, Fittings |
| Condition | Normalized and Tempered |
| Service Temperature | Up to 600°C (1110°F) |
Chemical Composition
| Element | Percentage (%) |
|---|---|
| Carbon (C) | 0.05 – 0.15 |
| Manganese (Mn) | 0.30 – 0.60 |
| Silicon (Si) | 0.50 max |
| Chromium (Cr) | 1.90 – 2.60 |
| Molybdenum (Mo) | 0.87 – 1.13 |
| Phosphorus (P) | Max 0.025 |
| Sulphur (S) | Max 0.025 |
Mechanical Properties (Typical)
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Tensile Strength | 415 – 585 MPa |
| Yield Strength | 205 MPa min |
| Elongation | 20% min |
| Impact Toughness | ≥ 47 J (at room temperature) |
Properties
- Excellent high-temperature strength
- Good creep and oxidation resistance
- Resistant to hydrogen attack and sulfidation
- Good weldability and fabrication
Applications
- Refinery and petrochemical piping systems
- Heat exchangers and high-pressure vessels
- Steam piping in thermal and nuclear plants
- Hydrogen service environments
H13 Tool Steel
H13 is a chromium-based hot work tool steel with high strength, toughness, and thermal fatigue resistance. It maintains its hardness and mechanical properties even at elevated temperatures, making it ideal for hot tooling and die applications.
Specification Standard
| Property | Details |
|---|---|
| Standard | AISI H13 / DIN 1.2344 / JIS SKD61 |
| Material Type | Hot Work Tool Steel |
| Forms | Rounds, Flats, Blocks, Forgings |
| Hardening Method | Air or Oil Quenched |
| Typical Applications | Die casting dies, extrusion dies, hot forging tools |
Chemical Composition
| Element | Percentage (%) |
|---|---|
| Carbon (C) | 0.32 – 0.45 |
| Chromium (Cr) | 4.75 – 5.50 |
| Molybdenum (Mo) | 1.10 – 1.75 |
| Vanadium (V) | 0.80 – 1.20 |
| Silicon (Si) | 0.80 – 1.20 |
| Manganese (Mn) | 0.20 – 0.50 |
| Phosphorus (P) | Max 0.030 |
| Sulfur (S) | Max 0.030 |
Mechanical Properties (Typical)
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Hardness (as-delivered) | ≤ 229 HB |
| Hardness (after hardening) | 48 – 52 HRC |
| Tensile Strength | 1030 MPa min |
| Yield Strength | 835 MPa min |
| Impact Toughness | Good (especially at high temp) |
Key Properties
- High hot hardness and wear resistance
- Excellent thermal fatigue and shock resistance
- Good machinability and polishability
- Can be nitrided for improved surface hardness
Applications
- Die casting dies (aluminum, zinc, magnesium)
- Hot extrusion dies and tooling
- Plastic molding tools (especially with abrasive resins)
- Hot shear blades and punches
H11 Tool Steel
H11 is a chromium hot work tool steel known for its excellent toughness, high strength, and resistance to thermal fatigue cracking. It is often used in applications where high impact and thermal resistance are required.
Specification Standard
| Property | Details |
|---|---|
| Standard | AISI H11 / DIN 1.2343 / JIS SKD6 |
| Material Type | Hot Work Tool Steel |
| Forms | Rounds, Flats, Blocks, Forgings |
| Hardening Method | Air or Oil Quenching |
| Condition | Annealed or Pre-hardened |
Chemical Composition
| Element | Percentage (%) |
|---|---|
| Carbon (C) | 0.32 – 0.45 |
| Chromium (Cr) | 4.75 – 5.50 |
| Molybdenum (Mo) | 1.10 – 1.75 |
| Silicon (Si) | 0.80 – 1.20 |
| Manganese (Mn) | 0.20 – 0.50 |
| Vanadium (V) | Max 0.30 |
| Phosphorus (P) | Max 0.030 |
| Sulfur (S) | Max 0.030 |
Mechanical Properties (Typical)
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Hardness (Annealed) | ≤ 229 HB |
| Hardness (Heat Treated) | 48 – 50 HRC |
| Tensile Strength | 1000 – 1250 MPa |
| Yield Strength | 800 MPa+ |
| Impact Toughness | Excellent (better than H13) |
Key Properties
- High impact and shock resistance
- Good wear and heat resistance
- Excellent dimensional stability during hardening
- Better toughness than H13 due to lower vanadium
Applications
- Hot punches and dies
- Forging tools and extrusion dies
- Aerospace structural components
- Pressure die casting tools
M152 Tool Steel (Jethete M152)
Jethete M152 is a hardenable 12% chromium martensitic stainless steel known for its high strength, good toughness, and excellent creep and oxidation resistance. It is widely used in aerospace and high-stress applications, especially at elevated temperatures.
Specification Standard
| Property | Details |
|---|---|
| Standards | AMS 5718, AMS 5719, ASTM A565 (XM-32), BS S151 / S151D, BS S159 / S159D |
| Type | Martensitic Stainless Steel |
| Alias | Jethete M152 |
| Hardening Method | Oil or Air Quenching + Tempering |
Chemical Composition
| Element | Percentage (%) |
|---|---|
| Carbon (C) | 0.08 – 0.13 |
| Silicon (Si) | ≤ 0.35 |
| Manganese (Mn) | 0.50 – 0.90 |
| Phosphorus (P) | ≤ 0.030 |
| Sulfur (S) | ≤ 0.025 |
| Chromium (Cr) | 11.00 – 12.50 |
| Nickel (Ni) | 2.00 – 3.00 |
| Molybdenum (Mo) | 1.50 – 2.00 |
| Vanadium (V) | 0.25 – 0.40 |
| Nitrogen (N) | 0.02 – 0.04 |
Mechanical Properties (Typical)
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Tensile Strength | ≥ 930 MPa (135 ksi) |
| Yield Strength (0.2%) | ≥ 760 MPa (110 ksi) |
| Elongation | ≥ 17% |
| Reduction of Area | ≥ 30% |
| Impact Strength | Approx. 120 J/cm² |
| Hardness | ~326 HB / ~35 HRC |
Key Properties
- High strength-to-weight ratio
- Excellent creep and fatigue resistance
- Good oxidation and corrosion resistance
- Dimensional stability at high temperatures
Applications
- Turbine blades and discs
- Aerospace bolts, screws, and rings
- Gas turbine engine components
- High-strength fasteners
Heat Treatment Process
- Annealing: Heat to ~705°C (1300°F), hold, then air cool
- Hardening: Heat to 982–1051°C (1800–1925°F), then quench
- Tempering: Reheat between 400–705°C (750–1300°F) to achieve desired hardness/toughness
ASTM A193 Grade B16 - High-Performance Alloy Steel Fastener
Grade B16 is a chromium-molybdenum-vanadium (Cr-Mo-V) alloy steel, heat-treated to achieve high strength for high-pressure and high-temperature bolting applications. It is mainly used in power generation, oil & gas, and petrochemical industries.
Specification & Standards
| Property | Details |
|---|---|
| Standard | ASTM A193 |
| Grade | B16 |
| Type | Cr-Mo-V Alloy Steel (Heat Treated) |
| Application | Bolts, Studs, Nuts for High Temp/Pressure Use |
Chemical Composition
| Element | Percentage (%) |
|---|---|
| Carbon (C) | 0.36 – 0.47 |
| Manganese (Mn) | 0.45 – 0.70 |
| Phosphorus (P) | ≤ 0.035 |
| Sulfur (S) | ≤ 0.040 |
| Silicon (Si) | 0.15 – 0.35 |
| Chromium (Cr) | 0.80 – 1.15 |
| Molybdenum (Mo) | 0.50 – 0.65 |
| Vanadium (V) | 0.25 – 0.35 |
| Aluminum (Al) | ≤ 0.015 |
Mechanical Properties
| Diameter (inches) | Tensile Strength (ksi) | Yield Strength (ksi) | Elongation (%) | Reduction of Area (%) | Hardness (HRC) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤ 2.5 | 125 | 105 | 18 | 50 | ≤ 35 |
| > 2.5 to 4 | 110 | 95 | 17 | 45 | ≤ 35 |
| > 4 to 7 | 100 | 85 | 16 | 45 | ≤ 35 |
Key Features
- Heat-resistant up to 840°F (450°C)
- Superior tensile and yield strength compared to B7
- Vanadium addition improves high-temperature performance
- Good creep and stress rupture properties
Applications
- Steam turbines and boilers
- High-pressure piping and valves
- Pressure vessels
- Power plants and oil refineries
Heat Treatment
Grade B16 fasteners are quenched and tempered at a minimum temperature of 860°C to achieve high strength and hardness. Proper tempering ensures toughness and durability in extreme environments.
Compatible Nuts & Washers
- ASTM A194 Grade 16 Nuts
- ASTM F436 Type 1 Washers
EN52 Valve Steel
EN52 is a high-carbon, chromium-silicon alloy steel renowned for its exceptional wear resistance, toughness, and ability to withstand high-temperature environments. It is primarily utilized in manufacturing engine valves and components subjected to elevated stresses and temperatures.
Chemical Composition
| Element | Composition (%) |
|---|---|
| Carbon (C) | 0.40 – 0.50 |
| Manganese (Mn) | 0.30 – 0.60 |
| Silicon (Si) | 3.00 – 3.75 |
| Chromium (Cr) | 7.50 – 9.50 |
| Nickel (Ni) | 0.40 – 0.60 |
| Phosphorus (P) | ≤ 0.035 |
| Sulfur (S) | ≤ 0.025 |
Mechanical Properties
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Tensile Strength (σb) | ≥ 900 MPa |
| Yield Strength (σ0.2) | ≥ 700 MPa |
| Elongation (δ) | ≥ 14% |
| Reduction of Area (φ) | ≥ 40% |
| Hardness (Annealed Condition) | ≤ 330 HB |
Heat Treatment
- Quenching: Heat to 1020–1070°C, followed by oil or air cooling.
- Tempering: Typically performed to achieve desired mechanical properties, though specific temperatures may vary based on application requirements.
Key Features
- Excellent wear resistance and toughness.
- High-temperature strength and oxidation resistance.
- Good mechanical properties in high-stress environments.
Applications
- Engine valves and related components.
- Automotive parts requiring high strength and durability.
- Machinery parts subjected to high stress and pressure.
- Aerospace components where reliability is crucial.
- Oil and gas industry tools used in harsh environments.
X22CrMoV12-1 Tool Steel Grade
Standard: DIN EN 10095
Application: High temperature-resistant parts, such as turbine blades, hot cutting tools, and hot valves.
Chemical Composition (%):
| Element | Content |
|---|---|
| Carbon (C) | 0.18 – 0.25% |
| Chromium (Cr) | 11.0 – 13.0% |
| Molybdenum (Mo) | 0.8 – 1.2% |
| Vanadium (V) | 0.2 – 0.5% |
| Silicon (Si) | ≤ 1.0% |
| Manganese (Mn) | ≤ 1.0% |
| Phosphorus (P) | ≤ 0.025% |
| Sulfur (S) | ≤ 0.015% |
Properties:
- Excellent heat resistance
- Good mechanical strength at high temperatures
- High wear resistance
- Corrosion and oxidation resistance
Applications:
- Steam turbines
- Hot forging dies
- Extrusion tools
- Hot valves and fittings
1.4923 Tool Steel Grade (X22CrMoV12-1)
Standard: DIN EN 10095
Application: Components exposed to high temperatures such as steam turbines, hot forging dies, and thermal valves.
Chemical Composition (%):
| Element | Content |
|---|---|
| Carbon (C) | 0.18 – 0.25% |
| Chromium (Cr) | 11.0 – 13.0% |
| Molybdenum (Mo) | 0.8 – 1.2% |
| Vanadium (V) | 0.2 – 0.5% |
| Silicon (Si) | ≤ 1.0% |
| Manganese (Mn) | ≤ 1.0% |
| Phosphorus (P) | ≤ 0.025% |
| Sulfur (S) | ≤ 0.015% |
Properties:
- Excellent high-temperature strength
- Good resistance to heat and oxidation
- Wear-resistant and durable under thermal stress
- Good creep resistance
Applications:
- Steam and gas turbine components
- Hot cutting and forming tools
- Extrusion dies
- Thermal-resistant fittings and valves
1.4122 Tool Steel Grade (X39CrMo17-1)
Standard: EN 10088-3
Application: Used in high-strength and corrosion-resistant parts such as turbine blades, valve components, pump shafts, and surgical instruments.
Chemical Composition (%):
| Element | Content |
|---|---|
| Carbon (C) | 0.36 – 0.45% |
| Chromium (Cr) | 16.0 – 18.0% |
| Molybdenum (Mo) | 0.8 – 1.3% |
| Silicon (Si) | ≤ 1.0% |
| Manganese (Mn) | ≤ 1.0% |
| Phosphorus (P) | ≤ 0.040% |
| Sulfur (S) | ≤ 0.015% |
Properties:
- Good corrosion resistance
- High hardness and strength after heat treatment
- Good wear resistance
- Moderate machinability
Typical Applications:
- Pump shafts and valve parts
- Turbine blades
- Medical tools (non-critical)
- Components in chemical and food industries
1.2316 Tool Steel Grade (X36CrMo17)
Standard: DIN EN ISO 4957
Application: Ideal for plastic moulds requiring excellent corrosion resistance and polishability, especially for PVC processing and medical or optical applications.
Chemical Composition (%):
| Element | Content |
|---|---|
| Carbon (C) | 0.33 – 0.42% |
| Chromium (Cr) | 16.0 – 18.5% |
| Molybdenum (Mo) | 1.0 – 1.5% |
| Silicon (Si) | ≤ 1.0% |
| Manganese (Mn) | ≤ 1.0% |
| Phosphorus (P) | ≤ 0.030% |
| Sulfur (S) | ≤ 0.030% |
Properties:
- Excellent corrosion resistance
- High polishability
- Good toughness and wear resistance
- Can be hardened and tempered
Typical Applications:
- Plastic injection and compression moulds
- Medical and food industry moulds
- Optical lens moulds
- Moulds for corrosive plastics like PVC
F6NM Stainless Steel (ASTM A182 F6NM)
Standard: ASTM A182 / ASME SA182
Application: Commonly used in the oil & gas, power generation, and chemical industries for components like shafts, valves, and pump parts exposed to both mechanical and corrosion stress.
Chemical Composition (%):
| Element | Content |
|---|---|
| Carbon (C) | ≤ 0.05% |
| Chromium (Cr) | 12.0 – 14.0% |
| Nickel (Ni) | 0.5 – 1.0% |
| Molybdenum (Mo) | 0.5 – 1.0% |
| Silicon (Si) | ≤ 1.0% |
| Manganese (Mn) | ≤ 1.0% |
| Phosphorus (P) | ≤ 0.040% |
| Sulfur (S) | ≤ 0.030% |
Properties:
- Good corrosion resistance, better than standard martensitic grades
- High mechanical strength and toughness
- Good weldability and machinability
- Suitable for cryogenic temperatures
Typical Applications:
- Pump shafts and impellers
- Valve components
- Turbine and hydroelectric parts
- Petrochemical equipment
EN31 Tool Steel
Standard: BS 970 (British Standard)
Application: Widely used in bearing manufacturing, high-stress tools, and automotive components that demand high wear resistance and strength.
Chemical Composition (%):
| Element | Content |
|---|---|
| Carbon (C) | 0.90 – 1.20% |
| Chromium (Cr) | 1.0 – 1.6% |
| Silicon (Si) | ≤ 0.35% |
| Manganese (Mn) | 0.30 – 0.75% |
| Sulfur (S) | ≤ 0.025% |
| Phosphorus (P) | ≤ 0.025% |
Properties:
- High hardness and compressive strength
- Excellent wear resistance
- Good toughness and dimensional stability
- Can be hardened by heat treatment
Typical Applications:
- Ball and roller bearings
- Dies and punches
- High-stress gears and shafts
- Automotive components
52100 Steel (AISI 52100)
Standard: AISI, ASTM A295
Application: Widely used in bearing components, automotive parts, and tools requiring high hardness, wear resistance, and fatigue strength.
Chemical Composition (%):
| Element | Content |
|---|---|
| Carbon (C) | 0.98 – 1.10% |
| Chromium (Cr) | 1.30 – 1.60% |
| Silicon (Si) | 0.15 – 0.35% |
| Manganese (Mn) | 0.25 – 0.45% |
| Phosphorus (P) | ≤ 0.025% |
| Sulfur (S) | ≤ 0.025% |
Properties:
- High hardness and wear resistance
- Excellent fatigue strength
- Good dimensional stability
- Can be hardened by heat treatment
Typical Applications:
- Bearings and bearing races
- Automotive and aerospace components
- High-stress tools and dies
- Ball screws and rollers
EN32B Steel
Standard: BS 970 (British Standard)
Application: Ideal for parts requiring a tough core with a hard, wear-resistant surface, such as gears, cams, and shafts.
Chemical Composition (%):
| Element | Content |
|---|---|
| Carbon (C) | 0.10 – 0.15% |
| Manganese (Mn) | 0.90 – 1.40% |
| Silicon (Si) | 0.10 – 0.35% |
| Nickel (Ni) | 3.00 – 3.75% |
| Chromium (Cr) | 1.00 – 1.40% |
| Sulfur (S) | ≤ 0.05% |
| Phosphorus (P) | ≤ 0.05% |
Properties:
- Excellent case-hardening capability
- Good core toughness
- Reasonable machinability
- Improved wear resistance after carburizing and hardening
Typical Applications:
- Gears and cams
- Shafts and axles
- Bushes and studs
- General engineering components
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